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GNDU Most Repeated (Important) Quesons
B.A 3rd Semester
HOME SCIENCE – Clothing & Texles (Part I)
Based on 3-Year GNDU Queson Paper Trend (2022–2024)
Must-Prepare Quesons (80–100% Probability)
SECTION–A (Sewing Machine & Equipment)
1. Equipment and Supplies Used in Clothing Construcon – Classicaon &
Funcons
Appeared in: 2022 (Q1), 2023 (Q2), 2024 (Q2)
Probability for 2025: (100%)
Always repeated in all three years — somemes with owchart or tabular form;
frequently asks to “explain any three/four” equipment.
2. Sewing Machine Defects – Causes & Remedies
Appeared in: 2022 (Q2), 2024 (Q1)
Probability for 2025: (100%)
Every alternate year this topic reappears. Focus on “needle breaking, looping,
thread breaking, machine running heavily.”
3. Funcons of Sewing Machine Parts (with Diagram)
Appeared in: 2023 (Q1)
Probability for 2025: (90%)
One of the examiner’s favorites — somemes replaces the “defects” queson.
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2025 Smart Predicon Table
No.
Queson Topic
Years
Appeared
Probability for 2025
1
Equipment & Supplies in Clothing
Construcon
2022–24
(100%)
2
Sewing Machine Defects – Causes &
Remedies
2022, 2024
(100%)
3
Funcons of Sewing Machine Parts
2023
(90%)
2025 GUARANTEED QUESTIONS (100% Appearance Trend)
Top 7 Must-Prepare Topics
1. Equipment & Supplies in Clothing Construcon (Classicaon & Funcons)
2. Sewing Machine Defects – Causes and Remedies
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GNDU Most Repeated (Important) Answers
B.A 3rd Semester
HOME SCIENCE – Clothing & Texles (Part I)
Based on 3-Year GNDU Queson Paper Trend (2022–2024)
Must-Prepare Quesons (80–100% Probability)
SECTION–A (Sewing Machine & Equipment)
1. Equipment and Supplies Used in Clothing Construcon – Classicaon &
Funcons
Appeared in: 2022 (Q1), 2023 (Q2), 2024 (Q2)
Probability for 2025: (100%)
Always repeated in all three years — somemes with owchart or tabular form;
frequently asks to “explain any three/four” equipment.
Ans: A Journey into the World of Clothing Construction
Imagine you are walking into a colorful room filled with fabrics, threads, needles,
scissors, and shining machines humming softly. This is not just any room—it’s a dream
workshop of a fashion creator. Every tool in this room has its own special role, just like
the characters in a story. Together, they turn a simple piece of cloth into something
beautiful—a dress, a shirt, or even a traditional outfit.
To understand this world better, let’s explore each character (tool or equipment) one by
one and see how they all come together to make the magic of clothing construction
happen.
1. Understanding the Concept
Before we begin, let’s understand what “clothing construction” means.
Clothing construction is the art and science of turning fabric into wearable garments. It
includes processes like cutting, stitching, pressing, finishing, and fitting.
But to make all this happen smoothly, we need the right companions—our equipment
and supplies. These tools help us work accurately, neatly, and efficiently. Without them,
even the best designer would struggle!
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2. The Big Family: Classification of Equipment and Supplies
The tools and materials used in clothing construction can be divided into two main
groups:
1. Small Tools and Equipment (Hand Tools) – These are the simple tools we can
hold in our hands. They help us with measuring, marking, cutting, sewing, and
pressing.
2. Large Equipment (Power or Heavy Equipment) – These include machines and big
tools that make our work faster and more professional.
Let’s meet each group in detail.
3. The Handy Helpers – Small Tools and Equipment
These are the faithful friends of every tailor or designer. Let’s see how they help!
A. Measuring Tools – The Eyes of the Tailor
Before we even touch the fabric, we must measure it correctly. “Measure twice, cut
once” is a golden rule in tailoring. Measuring tools ensure accuracy and good fitting.
1. Measuring Tape:
This is a flexible tape marked in inches and centimeters. It’s used to take body
measurements or measure fabric lengths. It bends easily around curves and corners—
making it the tailor’s best friend.
2. Ruler or Scale:
Used for straight measurements, marking hems, and checking seam allowances.
3. L-Square:
Shaped like the letter “L,” this tool helps draw right angles and straight lines, especially
while drafting patterns.
4. French Curve:
This helps in drawing smooth curves like necklines, armholes, and waistlines in pattern
making.
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5. Hip Curve:
Used for marking curves of skirts and trousers—it helps create perfect body shapes on
paper patterns.
Functions:
• Helps in taking correct body measurements.
• Used to draft accurate patterns.
• Ensures garments fit perfectly.
B. Marking Tools – The Guides of Perfection
Once measurements are taken, we need to transfer them to the fabric. Marking tools
help guide where to cut, fold, or stitch.
1. Tailor’s Chalk:
Small triangular chalks used to mark stitching lines or cutting outlines. It can be brushed
off easily after sewing.
2. Tracing Wheel and Carbon Paper:
Used together to copy pattern lines from paper to fabric.
3. Fabric Marking Pens/Pencils:
These are washable markers that show clearly on fabric and disappear after washing.
Functions:
• Help transfer pattern details like darts, pleats, and seam lines.
• Ensure precision during stitching.
• Temporary and easy to remove.
C. Cutting Tools – The Sculptors of Fabric
Cutting is one of the most crucial steps because once the fabric is cut, it can’t be
undone. So, the right tools and careful handling are essential.
1. Fabric Shears:
Large scissors used for cutting fabric smoothly. They usually have long blades and one
handle bigger than the other for better grip.
2. Pinking Shears:
These have zig-zag edges that prevent fabric from fraying.
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3. Embroidery Scissors:
Small, sharp scissors used for trimming threads and small details.
4. Seam Ripper:
A lifesaver tool! It helps remove wrong stitches neatly without damaging the fabric.
5. Rotary Cutter:
Looks like a pizza cutter but is used to cut fabric layers easily, especially in professional
tailoring.
Functions:
• Cutting fabric pieces accurately according to patterns.
• Trimming loose threads and unwanted fabric edges.
• Removing wrong stitches safely.
D. Sewing Tools – The Artists of Stitching
These are the tools that join fabric pieces together and bring the design to life.
1. Needles:
They come in different sizes for hand sewing, embroidery, or darning. A fine needle is
used for delicate fabrics and a thicker one for heavier materials.
2. Thread:
Threads are the soul of sewing—they hold everything together. They come in cotton,
polyester, silk, and other materials.
3. Thimble:
A small metal or plastic cap worn on the finger to protect it while pushing the needle
through fabric.
4. Pins and Pin Cushion:
Pins hold fabric pieces together before stitching. The pin cushion keeps them safe and
handy.
5. Needle Threader:
A small tool that helps pull the thread through the eye of a needle easily.
Functions:
• Used for hand or machine stitching.
• Help in holding fabrics together temporarily.
• Make sewing safer and easier.
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E. Pressing and Ironing Tools – The Finishers of Beauty
A well-pressed garment looks polished and professional. Pressing tools remove wrinkles
and help shape the garment properly.
1. Electric Iron:
Used to remove wrinkles and set seams after stitching.
2. Ironing Board:
Provides a smooth, flat surface for ironing.
3. Sleeve Board:
Helps in pressing sleeves and small garment parts.
4. Tailor’s Ham:
A cushion used for pressing curved areas like shoulders, darts, or collars.
5. Press Cloth:
A piece of cotton cloth placed between the iron and fabric to prevent shine marks or
damage.
Functions:
• Remove wrinkles and set fabric shape.
• Give garments a neat, professional look.
• Help shape seams and curves.
F. Miscellaneous Tools – The Silent Supporters
Apart from the main tools, some small accessories also make work smoother.
1. Scissors Sharpener: Keeps scissors sharp and efficient.
2. Tape Dispenser: Holds and cuts tape neatly.
3. Measuring Gauge: Helps in checking small measurements like hems.
4. Clapper: Wooden tool used for pressing seams sharply.
5. Fabric Weights: Hold patterns in place while cutting.
Functions:
• Assist in small finishing tasks.
• Increase speed and accuracy.
• Make work comfortable and safe.
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4. The Power Performers – Large Equipment
Now let’s meet the “giants” of the workshop—the machines that make work faster and
more professional.
A. Sewing Machine – The Heart of the Workshop
The sewing machine is the most important equipment in clothing construction. It
replaces hours of hand stitching with a few minutes of precise sewing.
Types of Sewing Machines:
1. Manual Sewing Machine: Operated by hand or foot pedal.
2. Electric Sewing Machine: Runs with electricity—faster and easier to control.
3. Computerized Sewing Machine: Has built-in designs, automatic stitching, and
high precision.
Functions:
• Stitching fabric pieces together.
• Creating decorative stitches and embroidery.
• Making buttonholes, hems, and seams neatly.
B. Overlock Machine (Serger)
This machine trims the edges of fabric while stitching and prevents them from fraying. It
gives garments a professional finish like ready-made clothes.
Functions:
• Finishes raw edges.
• Joins knit fabrics smoothly.
• Adds strength and stretch to seams.
C. Steam Press
A heavy-duty iron that releases steam to remove wrinkles efficiently, especially in bulk
production.
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Functions:
• Presses garments faster.
• Gives crisp, lasting finish.
• Saves time in professional tailoring.
D. Cutting Table
A large flat surface where fabrics are spread, marked, and cut. It helps in cutting long
lengths of cloth easily.
Functions:
• Provides enough space for accurate cutting.
• Prevents fabric distortion.
• Keeps workflow organized.
E. Dress Form or Mannequin
A three-dimensional figure that represents the human body. It helps in draping,
designing, and fitting garments.
Functions:
• Used to check garment fitting and appearance.
• Helps designers visualize final looks.
• Aids in creating custom clothing.
5. Importance of Equipment and Supplies
Every tool in clothing construction has a purpose. Together, they make the process
easier, faster, and more enjoyable. Their importance includes:
• Accuracy: Measuring and marking tools ensure perfect fitting.
• Efficiency: Machines and equipment speed up the work.
• Quality: Pressing and finishing tools make garments look professional.
• Safety: Proper tools prevent accidents and fabric damage.
• Creativity: With the right tools, designers can experiment with new styles.
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6. Caring for the Equipment and Supplies
Just like we care for our belongings, these tools also need proper care to stay in good
condition.
Tips for Maintenance:
• Keep tools clean and dry.
• Oil sewing machines regularly.
• Store scissors and needles properly.
• Replace damaged tools immediately.
• Cover machines after use to protect from dust.
A well-maintained tool not only works better but also lasts longer.
7. Conclusion – The Symphony of Stitching
In the end, clothing construction is like an orchestra, and every tool is an instrument.
The tailor or designer is the conductor who brings them all together to create something
beautiful.
From the tiny needle that pierces the thread to the powerful machine that joins seams,
each tool has its own importance. Their cooperation turns imagination into reality—a
plain fabric into a graceful outfit.
So, next time you hold a needle, a pair of scissors, or a sewing machine, remember—
you’re not just stitching fabric; you’re crafting creativity, patience, and art.
And that’s the real magic of clothing construction
2. Sewing Machine Defects – Causes & Remedies
Appeared in: 2022 (Q2), 2024 (Q1)
Probability for 2025: (100%)
Every alternate year this topic reappears. Focus on “needle breaking, looping, thread
breaking, machine running heavily.”
Ans: Sewing Machine Defects – Causes and Remedies
Have you ever noticed how a small problem in a sewing machine can turn your beautiful
piece of cloth into a wrinkled, uneven mess? Imagine a tailor named Meera, who sits by
her sewing machine every morning, stitching clothes with love and precision. For her,
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the sewing machine isn’t just a tool — it’s her best friend, her source of livelihood, and
her creative partner. But sometimes, even her trusted machine starts to act up. The
needle breaks, the thread keeps snapping, or the stitches come out all wrong.
That’s when Meera knows — her friend needs a little care.
Let’s go on a journey with Meera to understand what sewing machine defects really
are, why they happen, and how to fix them — in a way that’s simple, practical, and easy
to remember.
What Are Sewing Machine Defects?
Just like any other machine, a sewing machine can also develop faults or “defects” when
it isn’t maintained properly or used carelessly. These defects are small problems that
affect the working of the machine and spoil the quality of stitching.
Sewing machine defects can be mechanical (related to machine parts), or technical
(related to settings, threading, or tension). The good news? Most of these problems can
be easily solved once we know the real cause behind them.
Common Sewing Machine Defects, Their Causes, and Remedies
Let’s look at each common problem one by one — just like how Meera checks her
machine carefully, step by step.
1. Needle Breakage
The Problem:
While sewing, suddenly the needle snaps into two. This is one of the most common and
frustrating problems for tailors.
Causes:
• Using the wrong type or size of needle for the fabric (for example, using a fine
needle for thick denim).
• The needle is bent or inserted incorrectly.
• The presser foot or throat plate is loose or misaligned.
• The fabric is pulled forcefully while stitching.
Remedies:
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• Always use the correct needle size according to the fabric type.
• Insert the needle properly, making sure it is straight and fully pushed in.
• Tighten the presser foot and throat plate screws properly.
• Let the machine feed the fabric naturally — don’t pull it by hand.
Story Tip:
Meera once tried stitching a thick leather patch using her regular needle. Snap! The
needle broke instantly. After that, she learned to always check her needle before
starting — the right needle can save both time and frustration.
2. Thread Breaking (Upper or Lower Thread)
The Problem:
While sewing, the thread keeps breaking again and again — it feels like a never-ending
irritation!
Causes:
• Thread is old, weak, or of poor quality.
• The machine is threaded incorrectly.
• The needle eye is too small for the thread.
• Tension is set too tight.
• There’s dust or lint blocking the thread path.
Remedies:
• Use a good-quality thread that matches the fabric type.
• Rethread the machine carefully according to the manual.
• Adjust the tension dial to a moderate level.
• Clean the thread guides, tension discs, and bobbin area regularly.
Story Tip:
Once Meera spent half an hour wondering why her thread kept breaking. She later
discovered a small piece of thread stuck inside the tension disc. After cleaning it, her
machine purred like a cat again!
3. Skipped Stitches
The Problem:
The machine runs fine, but when you look at the fabric, you see missing stitches — it
looks like the machine jumped over some spaces.
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Causes:
• Bent or blunt needle.
• Needle not inserted properly.
• Wrong needle or thread combination.
• Bobbin case or hook timing is disturbed.
Remedies:
• Replace the old needle with a new one.
• Check that the needle is inserted correctly with the flat side facing the right
direction.
• Use the correct type of needle for your fabric (for example, ballpoint needle for
knits).
• If the problem continues, get the hook timing checked by a mechanic.
4. Uneven or Loose Stitches
The Problem:
The stitches are not uniform — sometimes tight, sometimes loose — and the seam looks
untidy.
Causes:
• Wrong tension setting (too loose or too tight).
• Uneven threading.
• Different thickness of upper and lower threads.
• Poor-quality thread or needle.
Remedies:
• Adjust the tension dial until both threads lock neatly in the middle of the fabric.
• Make sure the machine is correctly threaded.
• Use threads of similar thickness in the bobbin and needle.
• Always use good-quality materials.
Story Tip:
Meera used to get loose stitches while making a frock. Her mentor told her, “It’s not the
fabric’s fault, it’s the tension’s trick!” A small turn of the tension dial made her seam
perfect again.
5. Machine Making Noise
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The Problem:
Instead of a soft humming sound, the machine starts making a loud, grinding noise.
Causes:
• Machine parts need oiling.
• Dust, lint, or thread pieces stuck inside.
• Loose screws or rough gears.
Remedies:
• Apply a few drops of sewing machine oil at moving parts regularly.
• Clean the bobbin case, feed dogs, and other areas after every project.
• Tighten all screws gently.
Story Tip:
When Meera’s machine started sounding like a “tractor,” she panicked! Later she
realized she hadn’t oiled it for weeks. A few drops of oil brought peace back to her
sewing corner.
6. Fabric Not Moving / Stuck Under Needle
The Problem:
The fabric doesn’t move smoothly; it gets stuck or folds under the needle.
Causes:
• Feed dogs are lowered or dirty.
• Presser foot pressure is too light.
• Incorrect stitch length setting.
Remedies:
• Check that the feed dogs are raised.
• Clean the feed dog teeth.
• Adjust the presser foot pressure to hold the fabric properly.
• Set the stitch length correctly depending on fabric thickness.
7. Bobbin Problems
The Problem:
Threads get tangled under the fabric, or the bobbin doesn’t rotate smoothly.
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Causes:
• Bobbin wound unevenly.
• Wrong type or size of bobbin.
• Bobbin inserted incorrectly.
• Dust or lint inside bobbin case.
Remedies:
• Always wind the bobbin evenly and smoothly.
• Use bobbins that match your machine model.
• Insert the bobbin in the correct direction.
• Clean and oil the bobbin area regularly.
Story Tip:
One day, Meera’s machine jammed midway. She opened the bobbin case and found a
tangled mess of threads. After cleaning it, the machine ran like new. That day, she
learned — “A clean bobbin is a happy bobbin.”
8. Needle Thread Looping on Underside
The Problem:
Loops form under the fabric while sewing, making it look messy.
Causes:
• Upper thread tension too loose.
• Improper threading of upper thread.
• Thread not placed correctly between tension discs.
Remedies:
• Tighten the upper thread tension slightly.
• Rethread the machine correctly.
• Always check that thread passes properly through all guides and tension discs.
9. Machine Not Stitching at All
The Problem:
When you press the pedal, the machine hums but doesn’t sew.
Causes:
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• Thread jammed in the hook or bobbin area.
• Machine parts not properly engaged.
• Motor belt is loose or broken.
Remedies:
• Remove thread jams carefully.
• Ensure the presser foot is down and needle is properly set.
• Check motor belt and replace if damaged.
Prevention Is Better Than Cure
Just like Meera learned over the years, caring for your sewing machine regularly saves
time, money, and stress. Here are a few golden rules she follows:
• Always clean the machine after every sewing project.
• Oil it regularly (except computerized machines, which need professional
servicing).
• Keep it covered when not in use to prevent dust.
• Use good-quality needles and threads.
• Learn the basic threading and tension settings for your machine.
Conclusion
A sewing machine is like a loyal companion — it gives beautiful results when treated
with care and patience. Defects like broken needles, uneven stitches, or thread breaks
may seem annoying, but they’re simply signs that the machine needs a little attention.
When we understand the causes and apply the right remedies, every problem becomes
easy to fix. So the next time your machine acts up, don’t panic — think like Meera!
Check, clean, adjust, and continue sewing with love.
After all, a happy sewing machine creates happy stitches — and happy stitches make
beautiful creations.
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